Audit Documentation

According to audit standards, audit documentation is records kept by auditors from procedures, exams conducted, information obtained, and conclusions achieved in the agreement. The audit documentation must include all information deemed necessary by the auditor to conduct an adequate audit and to provide support for audit reports.

Audit documentation is the primary way to document where an adequate audit has been conducted in accordance with GAAS. Audit documentation provides an important source of information to assist auditors in determine the right audit report to be made in a specific set of circumstances.

Purpose of Audit Documentation

In general, the purpose of audit documentation is to help auditors provide reasonable assurance that adequate audits have been conducted in accordance with generally accepted audit standards (GAAS). More specifically, the audit documentation, in contact with the current year's audit, provides a basis for planning an audit, a record of the accumulated evidence and the results of the exam, data to determine the right type of audit report, and a basis for review bysupervisors and partners.

The data in the archive is useful to evaluate the adequate scope of audits and fairness in financial statements, while also containing information needed to assist clients in the preparation of financial statements.

The audit archive is the main reference frame used by the supervising person to evaluate whether competent evidence has been accumulated to support the audit report. Audit records also serve as the basis for preparing taxes claims with the SEC (or Bapepam), and other reports. The audit archive is also a source of information received by the audit committee and management on various matters such as internal control weaknesses or operational recommendations. 

Audit archives are used to train employees and as an aid in planning and coordinating audits

Audit documentation prepared during the working time, including the schedule prepared by the client, is the ownership of the auditor. The need to maintain a confidential relationship with a client is demonstrated in rule 301 of the Code of Professional Conduct, which states:

"A member may not disclose any confidential information obtained in a series of professional agreements except with the client's consent."

Each public accounting firm makes its own approach to setting up and managing audit records, and novice auditors should take that corporate approach.

Permanent Archives, intended to contain data of historical or continuing nature that is with the current audit. This archive is a source of information that facilitates audits that continue to be in demand from year to year. The Permanent Archives include:

• Extracts or copies of company documents are continuously important as articles of incorporation, bylaws, bond agreements, and contracts.  Contracts are pension plans, rentals, stock options, and more. Each of these documents is important to auditors because it has been influential for many years.
• Analys, from the previous year, of accounts that are always important to auditors.  These include accounts such as long-term securities, shareholder equity accounts, goodwill, and fixed assets.
• Examine information relating to the understanding of internal controls and control risk assessment. This includes organization charts, account charts, questionnaires, and other internal control information, including enumeration of controls and weaknesses in the system.
• Procedural results of the previous year's audit. Among these data are the ratio and percentage calculated by the auditor and the total balance or monthly balance for a given year. This information helps auditors decide whether there are unusual changes in current year account balances that should be investigated more extensively.

Main schedules.

The main skedul is a working paper used to summarize the information recorded in the supporting skedul for the associated accounts. The main checkbook is used to combine similar general ledger accounts, the amount of which will be included in the financial statements in one amount.

Supporting schedules.

In each supporting schedule must be listed the work that has been done by the auditor in verifying and analyzing the elements listed in the client's financial statements, verification methods used, questions arising in the audit, as well as answers to question. It also contains various conclusions made by auditors.

 

Economic Stimulus: Monetary & Fiscal Policy

When the economy hits a rough patch, the government typically responds with stimulus or actions meant to jumpstart economic activity. There are two main ways the government does this: with monetary policy and fiscal policy. 

It can be a little bit confusing because the words monetary  and fiscal  sound similar. Both influence the economy, but they do it in different ways. Understanding the difference between monetary and fiscal policy and how each works can help you understand whats happening in the economy, and how policy changes might affect your investments.

So first, Monetary policy is set by the Federal Reserve, the U.S. central bank. The Fed is responsible for pursuing price stability, maximum employment, and stable economic growth. To do this, the Fed has a few tools to adjust whats called the money supply, the total amount of money available at any given time.

When there is an economic crisis, the Fed does things like lower the federal funds rate, the rate banks use when they lend to one another. This typically pushes interest rates lower overall, which impacts demand for loans and the willingness of bankers to lend.

This is the main source of economic stimulation from monetary policy. Now lets get fiscal. Fiscal policy is set by Congress and the White House and is usually financed by the Treasury. It deals with taxation and government spending.

In difficult economic times, Congress and the president will often lower taxes with the hope that people and businesses will spend the extra money, stimulating the economy. At the same time, Congress and the president commonly increase spending on government projects like infrastructure and defense to help keep businesses working and citizens employed until the economy recovers. The government may even provide direct payments to businesses and individuals.

Think of it like this: Monetary policy works behind the scenes to stabilize financial conditions while fiscal policy works directly to advance a nations economy.

During an economic crisis, the government typically uses monetary and fiscal policy in tandem to prevent lasting damage to the economy, which could lead to a prolonged recession or even a depression.

The government response to the COVID-19 crisis is a good case study of how monetary and fiscal policy work together. Public safety measures to slow the spread of the virus caused economic activity to grind nearly to a halt. In response, the Fed adjusted monetary policy by dropping the federal funds rate to zero to keep borrowing costs low. It also used a tool called quantitative easing, or QE. This involves buying assets in order to keep money moving and avoid a financial system collapse. The monetary stimulus was accompanied by fiscal stimulus. 

In March 2020, Congress passed the CARES Act, a $2.2 trillion bill that increased unemployment benefits, provided emergency loans and grants to businesses, and sent stimulus checks to millions of Americans. Congress passed an additional round of stimulus payments in December.

As of early 2021, economists and politicians were calling for more fiscal stimulus. Unemployment remained high and GDP had a hard time recovering fully, and future rounds of fiscal stimulus look likely with the new administration and Congress.

So what kind of impact do monetary and fiscal stimulus have on investments? Youll notice I havent mentioned the stock market much yet. Thats because these policies arent directed at the stock market; instead, they focus on the economy as a whole. And remember, the stock market is not the economy. However, expansionary fiscal policy can lead to higher demand for goods and services, which often leads to boosts in stock prices, though thas not always the case.

Similarly, improvements in overall financial conditions set by monetary policy can increase the money supply and push down interest rates and borrowing costs. This is good news for large companies that make up a majority of the big stock indices. Most major companies carry large amounts of debt, so companies could refinance or take on new debt with lower interest rates, a big boon for big business. Bottom lines get a quick lift, boosting profits. Lower interest rates also push investors toward stocks as lower rates mean lower returns on Treasuries. Look at 2020. After an initial downturn as the coronavirus took its toll on the economy, stocks soared to new all-time highs even while the overall economy had trouble stopping the bleeding and offices remained closed across the country.

Continued accommodative monetary policy and additional rounds of fiscal stimulus could drive stocks higher, but of course, there is no guarantee. One potential risk of monetary and fiscal stimulus is increased inflation, which is the rising cost of goods and services.

Some economists warn that too large of an influx of money into the economy can could destabilize financial markets and the price of the dollar It could also mean larger government deficits, which could lead to future tax increases for both individuals and businesses.

Higher business taxes could depress corporate revenues, negatively impacting portfolios. On the flip side, many economists now argue the $787 billion stimulus package President Obama passed in 2008 to help with the great recession wasnt enough to spur a strong recovery.

It can be difficult to predict the actual impact of government stimulus. In the end, monetary and fiscal policy are different things with a similar goal: economic stability. Keeping an eye on the different ways the government responds to economic crises and their impact on financial markets can help you better prepare your portfolio for the future.

A Complete Guide to WordPress REST APIs For Beginners

When you want to learn more about WordPress, you'll certainly meet the term WordPress REST API.  This part of the WordPress core is proven to be able to make WordPress develop into a modern and dynamic platform. 

Well, in this article, we'll cover everything about the WordPress API.

Not only that, we'll also explain how it works and provide a basic guide to the WordPress API that's easy for beginners to understand.

What is the WordPress REST API?

Before we explain what a REST API is, you need to know what the API means first.

API or Application Programming Interface is an interface that can connect two applications to be able to communicate easily. It can be a website, mobile app, web app, or other. 

You can imagine this API as a waiter in a restaurant connecting guests and chefs in the kitchen.

Well, WordPress REST API is one type of API. Rest (Representational State Transfer) API utilizes connecting w software via HTTP in its data exchange process.

With the WordPress API, WordPress website development can be easier because developers don't need to create apps with the same functionality and purpose from scratch.

For example, you can install the Google Maps API on your website. You'll get all the features and data of Google Maps without having to create your own map app.

Well, an API must be eligible below in order to be considered RESTful:

• Uniform interface — The URL used to access the system must be uniform, consistent, and accessible through common approaches such as GET.
• Separate servers and clients — The goal is for both to be developed independently. In addition, if there are changes on the server side, the application can still be accessed in the same way.
• Server condition unchanged — The server remains in the same state when there is a new request from the API because there is no need to store the request.
• Cached — All resources must be cached for high performance. Both server and client side.
• Layered system — Between client requests and authentication from the server, there are several layers separating them. Whether it's a layer of security, a cache layer, or a layer with other functions.

WP REST API is an API format that allows you to integrate various WordPress elements with external applications and servers using JSON. Therefore, you need to first understand the basics of WordPress, JavaScript and JSON.

Benefits of WordPress REST API

Here are some of the benefits of the WP REST API for WordPress as a whole:

• Making WordPress look more modern and user-friendly. An example is the appearance of editor Gutenberg.
• Become a more universal hub for different programming languages
• Make WordPress development more flexible with simpler system standards
• Developing a WordPress website is easier with simple content integration
• It's easier than ever to get a wide selection of apps to use in WordPress

How the WordPress REST API Works

Before WordPress version 4.4, you had to use a plugin if you wanted to access the WordPress API. But now, the WordPress REST API has become a core part of WordPress. 

Well, to call the REST API, there are four types of HTTP methods that you can use, namely:

• GET — Retrieves information from the server. For example, when visiting a wordPress login page, your browser will send a GET request to the server. Then, the server will process it using the API.
• POST — Sends information to the server. For example, after successfully logging into the WordPress admin page, you will make a request to enter data in the form of post articles.
• PUT — Used to edit and update existing data. For example, when you want to change your password.
• DELETE — Can be used to delete information. For example, when you want to delete an account that's inside a WordPress admin.

Basic Guide to Using rest APIs

In this guide, we'll use Windows's Command Line Interface (CLI) Putty. If you're using MacOS and Linux, you can open Terminal.

As a first step, copy your server's IP address using the SSH command. However, we recommend you to use a demo WordPress site or localhost. If there is an error, let it not interfere with your main website.

1. Understand basic REST API commands

In this guide we'll use some REST API commands as follows:

• Routes &ENDPOINT: Routes are URLs that you can map to various HTTP methods. While Endpoints are connections between HTTP. An example is /wp-json/ which contains all routes and endpoints.
• Request: used to store and retrieve information from a WP_REST_Request code.
• Responses: this command provides the data you requested or can also provide the location of the error message. That way, you know where the errors are.
• Schema: displays a list of properties and input properties that can be accepted and returned by the REST API.
• Controller classes: This command is the location where you manage the REST API.

2. Get to know ENDPOINT commands using the WordPress REST API

In this REST API guide, we'll use some ENDPOINT REST APIs that you can try:

First of all, you should call HTTP to the REST API by accessing the browser and enter the following link:

http://yourdomainname.com/wp-json/

Second, you can test the connection by running the curl command on your command line. To do this, use the following command:

curl -X OPTIONS -i http://yourdomainname.com/wp-json/

Next, you can repeat this command by using multiple ENDPOINTs. This time, we'll use curl's GET command to retrieve a list of JSON files from your WordPress posts. To perform the GET command, you can use the following command:

curl -X GET -i http://yourdomainname.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts

Alternatively, you can also try this command to check all the pages on your WordPress website:

curl -X GET -i http://yourdomainname.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages

Rest API Authentication basic guide

The data in the WordPress REST API is public. While some WordPress sites require you to log in as a WordPress administrator. Well, to solve this problem, you'll need to authenticate your WordPress account with the server. 

The goal is for you to be able to make any request as an administrator. Examples include viewing unpublished content or updating posts on the website. In this tutorial, we'll be using the WordPress REST API Plugin – OAuth. This plugin is a developer-only plugin that helps you learn about rest APIs.  But, this plugin is not intended for live or online websites. 

Here's the step:

• Log in to your WordPress dashboard and go to the Plugins menu > Add New > search plugin "WP REST API – OAuth".
• Then click Install and Activate.
• Once the WordPress REST API is installed, open the CLI and authenticate to the REST API using your WordPress user. Here's an example of how to implement a user authentication method, using curl to view unpublished posts.

curl --user username_WordPress:Password_WordPress -i http://Domain_Anda.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts?status=draft

Finding Blog Posts Using the WordPress REST API

Now you understand how to make a request to the REST API using the curl command. So, you can proceed with selecting a specific WordPress post using the following commands.

First, view all the posts inside your WordPress site using the following command:

curl -X GET -i http://Domain_Anda.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts

Then, you will be given a JSON view as below screenshot shown.  Just select one of the post IDs you'll see.

Second, after you select the post ID, then enter the following command by adding the post ID at the end of the curl command:

curl -X GET -i http://Domain_Anda.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/ID

You can use the above command to select the post ID, category, page, comment, and others provided by ENDPOINT for the WordPress REST API.

Updating Post Titles Using rest APIs

Then, we'll update the post on WordPress using the REST API. 

In this guide, we'll try renaming the article title by using the POST command. So, make sure you add the post ID of the article to the POST command, yes!

Next, you can enter the following command on the command line. Don't forget to match the post ID and title of the article you want to change.

curl -X POST --user username_WordPress:password_WordPresss http://Nama_Domain.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/IDPost -d '{"title":"New Blog Title"}'

After that, make sure you've successfully changed the article title using the selected post ID. The trick is to check the post ID using the following command:

curl -X GET -i http://DomainAnda.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/PostID

And Congratulations! You've already successfully learned the basic guide to using the WordPress REST API.

Wow, it turns out that REST API has a myriad of benefits for WordPress websites? 

Not only does it make WordPress richer in features and content, wp rest API also makes WordPress development easier. So that developers can inject a variety of advanced features that make it easier to use WordPress as a whole.

Oh yes, although the guide in this article is just the basics, we hope it can still help you get to know the WordPress REST API more deeply. Especially from the way it works and using the basic commands on your own website.

Such is the discussion of the WordPress REST API guide for beginners. Hope this article is useful for you, yes! If you have any questions, feel free to leave a question in the comments field. Bye!

7+ Practical Tools to Check Website Traffic Without Hassle!

As a website owner, you certainly want to know how many visitors your website has, right? This is why learning how to check website traffic is important.

By knowing how to view website traffic, you can measure the progress of your website. In addition, you can also know if your website is able to attract a lot of visitors or not. Here are the tools you can use to find out the amount of website traffic: 

• SimilarWeb
• Alexa
• Ubersuggest
• Google Analytics
• SE Ranking
• Siteprice
• Websites Worth Calculator
• Ahrefs

Want to know how to use the tools above? Let's take a look at the next section!

Below, we'll explain in detail the best tools you can use to see the amount of website traffic. Let's get started!

1. SimilarWeb

In fact, SimilarWeb is a website that provides web analytics services. But they also provide a free traffic estimator website feature that you can access on the main page. Here's an example of a traffic estimate analysis from SimilarWeb:

As you can see, here you not only see the estimated amount of traffic gained today, but also the graph of fluctuations from the previous five months.

In addition, there are other metrics you can find. Starting from the average duration of the visit (Avg. Visit Duration), pages opened per visit (Pages per Visit), up to the percentage of visitors who leave the website after opening only one page (Bounce Rate).

If you scroll down, there are many other data (related to traffic) that can be used for website analysis, including:

• The amount of traffic by country.
• Traffic sources (search engines, social media, emails, and the like).
• Percentage of organic traffic and paid traffic.
• Percentage of traffic from social media.
• Traffic interests.

2. Alexa

Maybe you've heard of Alexa before. This is a web analytics tool owned by Amazon. This tool is quite popular because its Website Traffic Statistics feature is often used as a reference to know the amount of traffic.

What's more, you can use the feature for free!

Using it is quite simple. Enter the domain you want to analyze into the Website Traffic Statistics tool, and you'll see a variety of metrics related to keywords and traffic. To see more detailed traffic data, you can click the Traffic Metrics button.

Here, the amount of website traffic is not displayed literally. You'll see it in the form of Alexa Rank. This is a ranking system determined based on the amount of traffic and number of pageviews received by a website in the last three months.

In addition to Alexa rank, you can also see the distribution of traffic by country. Then, in the box below you'll find a set of engagement metrics, such as pageview duration and bounce rate – even if it's only an estimate.

3. Ubersuggest

Ubersuggest not only provides a fairly complete SEO analysis feature, but also a user-friendly interface. You can use it for free, although there's an upgrade option to get more features.

If you want to see the amount of traffic with this tool, you just have to follow these steps:

• On the Ubersuggest main page, type the domain you want to know how much traffic you want to know.
• Change the country to Indonesia. Then click the Search button.
• In the Overview column, you'll see a graph of website traffic. With free access, you can only see your website traffic history in the past five months.
• Want to know which page of the site has the most traffic? Just click the Top pages button in the left menu.

4. Google Analytics

For website owners, Google Analytics is a very important tool and cannot be ignored. With this tool, you can understand the traffic characteristics of your website in as much detail as possible. You can also use it for free.

Unfortunately, this tool can only be used to analyze your website. So, you can't use it to see other domain traffic. 

Before you can use it, create a Google Analytics account first. Then connect with your website.

If your Google Analytics account is already connected to your website, then you can already start analyzing the amount of traffic. Here are the steps to practice it:

• Sign in to the Google Analytics dashboard
• In the main dashboard (Home), you'll see a graph showing four key metrics:
• Users – the number of visitors who come to your website
• Sessions – number of visits to your website
• Bounce rate – the percentage of visitors who leave the website without opening another page.
• Session duration – duration of visits to your website
• You can set the time range of the chart. From one day to the last 90 days.
• In the Active Users right now field, you can see the amount of traffic coming into your website in real time.
• If you'd like to see more detailed traffic data, click the Audience Overview button just below the main graph. 
• In the Audience dashboard, there are several other metrics that will appear, namely 
• New users – the number of new visitors on your website.
• Pages/session – the average number of pages visited by readers
• Number of sessions/user – average number of visitors
• In the bottom table, you'll also find tables that detail the characteristics of visitors:
• Demographics – contains data about the visitor's language, data, and country of origin.
• System – contains service provider, operating system, and browser used by visitors.
• Mobile – contains operating system, service provider, and screen resolution of the visitor's mobile device.
• Want to know more detailed characteristics? Relax, all you have to do is access the Audience menu on the left side of the screen. This menu contains other indicators, such as age, gender, and visitor interests.

5. SE Ranking

SE Ranking is a free traffic estimation tool that features a fairly complete analysis (from keeping an eye on page changes to recommending keywords).

You can also perform traffic analysis by country. Unfortunately, however, this tool does not yet provide Indonesian options in it. You can't tell how much traffic you're coming from Indonesia.

Here's an example of se ranking traffic estimates:

On the main dashboard, you will be greeted with a comparison of organic traffic and paid traffic. Then, below it you can see more detailed information. From the main keyword info in each traffic to the competitor list. 

So, this tool not only helps you to do traffic analysis, but also keyword research.

6. Siteprice

In addition to calculating the price of a website, Siteprice also displays information related to traffic and ranking. All you have to do is enter the website you want to check on the main page. 

Don't worry, you don't have to spend anything to use this tool.

Here's an example of a traffic analysis on Siteprice:

Here the traffic is measured using three metrics, namely:

• Daily unique visitors – estimated number of visitors per day.
• Daily pageviews – counts the number of times visitors visit your website page.
• Average time on site – the average time visitors spend on your website.

7. Websites Worth Calculator

The site has more or less the same features as SIteprice. You can use it for free too. The difference is that the information displayed is more complete. An example can be seen in the following figure:

As you can see, the information displayed is the same as Siteprice (estimated pageviews and estimated unique visitors). However, these metrics are also displayed in the context of daily, monthly, and yearly.

8. Ahrefs

Ahrefs is one of the seo tools with the most complete features. But to be able to use all the features, you must first subscribe to one of the paid plans.

To monitor the amount of traffic, you can use the Site Explorer feature in Ahrefs. Here are the steps:

• Go to the site explorer dashboard.
• Type the domain for which you want to know how much traffic you want to know. Then click the Search button.
• Click the Organic search button. You'll see a graph of the amount of traffic you can set the time range. From the last 30 days to all time.
• If you want to see traffic from Indonesia, you just click on the Indonesian text in the right column.
• Scroll to the very bottom to find a list of the top 5 pages that have the most traffic on the website.

How to Plant and Care for Petunia Flowers at Home

Petunia is a plant that has trumpet-shaped flowers originating from South America. As with other ornamental plants, this flower can thrive if planted in an area with a fertile soil structure and contains a lot of water, enough sunlight. 

However, petunias have a relatively short lifespan, their flowering period only once during their lifetime. So after flowering mala should replace it with a new plant.

Petunia flowers are more suitable to be planted in hanging pots and placed on the terrace or balcony of the house. Because the color of this flower contrasts and dangles down so as to make the front view of the house look more beautiful and vibrant.

At the time of planting in the Country four seasons such as Europe, this flower blooms in summer. This is due to petunias that require a lot of sunlight for normal growth and flowers. So that this plant will bloom in the dry season.

If you want this flower to be planted in the yard, here's how to plant petunia flowers:

Selection of petunia seedlings

To get petunia seeds, it can be done in two ways, namely by direct from the seed or seed and by cuttings.

Seedlings from seeds

One way to plant petunias at home is from seeds. If you have plans to follow these methods, it should be remembered that it is important to buy certified seeds and soil mixtures for flowers from legitimate sellers.

Can plant petunia seeds in late winter or early spring when temperatures are very low and frost has passed.

Before planting it in a pot or hanging basket, please make sure the pot has a hole at the bottom. This step is very necessary to protect young seeds or plants from decay due to improper drainage.

The usual technique is to place pumice, perlit or gravel on the bottom of the pot and on it is placed soil for drainage and more quality aeration.

Directly on the gravel, overwritten the ground and it's time to seed. The owner can sow two or more seeds in each pot, depending on preference and of course the type of petunia.

In general, grandifloras require extra space to develop. It can also put petunia seeds on the surface, without burying them in the ground.

During the first stage of plant development, the soil must be constantly wet but not mushy, so that the seeds can sprout. But beware, do not irrigate too much, so as not to rot.

Petunia seeds need light to germinate, so they can look for bright spots. About 2-3 weeks after sowing, several small plants will appear.

Seed cuttings

In addition to how to plant petunia flowers at home derived from seeds, another most common method is with cuttings. Steps - cuttings steps are:

• Choose a healthy petunia and have a beautiful look to be a parent.
• Cut the tnas young and healthy (not woody) along 4 inches or 10 cm.
• Clean the leaves two-thirds of the cuttings on the bottom.

Before planting cuttings in the soil, it is mandatory to help them take root first. To do so, a common technique is to place the first cuttings in 1 glass of water to half of the plant.

A few days after that, the roots will generally appear. To increase root growth, it can help with the use of root-growing hormones such as IAA, which are certainly not important.

The next step is to plant cuttings rooted in pots with a mixture of soil for flowers and perlit or gravel for proper aeration.

Many manufacturers claim that the scorching sun is what makes petunias create brightly colored flowers. This is why florists place cuttings in sunny areas.

In addition, to help plants create beautiful flowers, the usual technique is to cut old flowers (deadhead). With this method plants have more nutrients to send to new flowers.

Petunia planting

After all the preparation of seedlings is ready, then the next in how to plant petunia flowers at home is to prepare planting media made from processed soil with manure / compost (1:1) that has been processed until smooth.

When petunia shoots already have 3 - 4 true leaves, it means that it is mandatory to move them on each pot containing peat media. One bud is placed on one pot.

Plant seedlings with an upright position up and compact so that the plant does not collapse, if necessary give ajir from wood so that the withered plants do not fall broken.

After the petunia flower is finished planting, then next are tips on caring for petunia flowers. This is done to produce beautiful as well as healthy flowers. Here is what to do in the treatment:

Watering petunia flowers

To create a healthy petunia plant with good flowers, it is necessary to care for petunia flowers by means of watering or watering is carried out regularly. This watering is done according to the weather conditions when going to do the sprinklers.

If the weather is sunny and the air is cool, then to take care of petunia watering flowers are done 2 (two) times a week, with an interval of 3 -4 days. However, if the weather during watering is hot, watering can be done daily on a regular basis.

If you find that the weather is really hot, then watering is done regularly when the soil medium of the petunia flowers begins to dry.

Watering is done until the water seeps through the planting medium. To make it easier to check the watering time, just when the planting medium of petunia flowers begins to dry, immediately do watering again.

Keep in mind, never water the petunias until they are exposed to the leaves. Pour in the petunia planting media. It must be considered because if the inner leaves are exposed to water, then it results in infection in petunia plants.

An example is the spots appearing on the flower crown. Therefore, it is obligatory to move the petunia plants when it is raining.

Keeping the intensity of sunlight

Petunia flowers will have flowers blooming when getting enough sunlight. Try to place the flowers in a place that gets a fairly large amount of sunlight.

Although this flower can grow in a place with a small solar intensity, it would be better if moved to a place with a large intensity, because it will result in the quality of the flower.

In tips to take care of petunia flowers can create flowers blooming and beautiful if obtaining irradiation with great intensity. The opposite is true. Less illumination will be able to trigger flowers to bloom not maximum in size and the number will be less.

Fertilizer feeding on petunias

Fertilization of petunia flowers is done once a month. As for fertilizer used is a type of concentrate fertilizer so that it can be dissolved with water. The types of fertilizer used there are a variety, but there are several types of fertilizer brands recommended.

When doing petunia flower treatment can use fertilizers such as rustica yellow (15-15-15), nitrofoska (17-17-22), or decastar (28-8-4), preferably as a petunia fertilizer option.

Owners may use fertilizers that are not mentioned, but always remember that the fertilizer used has comparative figures (located in parentheses).

The intensity of fertilization is carried out once a month. If planting petunias with compound flowers (many), then fertilization is done for 2 weeks. Fertilizer diluted by comparison fertilizer: water is 1 : 10.

Try not to use too little water comparison figures, because it will later make the plant become dwarf, the quality of the flowers and plants are ugly, or even die.

If there are white grains in the planting media some time after watering, then as soon as possible flush the planting media with water until the grains are gone.

The visible grains are salt elements derived from too much fertilizer, so it is not perfectly soluble with water for watering.

If there is no action and concerns the petunia plant, then the plant will dry because insoluble salt precisely absorbs the water contained by the petunia plant

Pruning petunia stems

Light pruning of this stem is done right when it has planted petunia flowers on the planting medium. To do this, cut each end of the stem into 2 – 3 cm pieces.

The purpose of this pruning is to stimulate the development of stem branches, so that later there will be various branches of stems growing. As a result, due to the presence of many branches of stems, the owner will also get a lot of flowers to grow.

If it is found that the petunia does not grow or dwarf, then it should cut off half of the upper stem of the petunia. However, this pruning does not necessarily oblige to cut exactly half of the stem.

If the leaves grow densely on the top, then trim less than half. But if the leaves grow densely in the middle or bottom of the stem, then trim half the stem.

The purpose of petunia flower treatment with stem pruning like this is to stimulate the development of new and healthier stems.

Pruning petunia flowers

In addition to stems, how to treat petunia flowers with pruning of flowers also needs to be done. The owner can do so by cutting the flowers withered or die. The important thing to note is, immediately prune the withered flowers.

Do not wait until the flowers die or rot, because if it happens it will invite various diseases in plants.

The purpose of pruning flowers like this is to keep other flowers growing in order to stay healthy and extend the period of petunia flowers in order to keep creating flowers.

So that quickly, when the flower has started to dense, trim some flowers on the petunia to keep creating flowers. Prune the flowers in a planned manner, but do not reduce until the petunia has no interest.

It is necessary to remember, when reducing the flower, just trim the flower, do not let the leaves that are close to the flower are trimmed.

One technique for fishing abundantly flowering petunias and looking very good is to remove some of the first petunia flower buds that grow before blooming, using pinched.

This will make the petunia plant create more flowers and look more beautiful.

Pest Controlling 

Controlling pests so as not to damage petunias is mandatory to do so with special attention. Each week, check the parts of the petunia flower carefully.

If you find some insect pests attached to the leaves, then spray the leaves of petunias. Use the water current just like that, do not damage the leaves. As already presented at the watering point, leaves in wet conditions will invite infection in petunias.

But this can be prepared by spraying in hot weather. The goal, so that insects do not channel diseases to plants, if the pest is a snail, then it can use the pest control method used in Europe, namely using copper plates or copper wire.

The trick is to envelop the part of the plant that can be passed by snails, such as at the bottom of the stem close to the planting medium.

Scientifically, how to treat petunia flowers through snail pest control with this method is very efficacious because snails will be stung by electrical circulation due to chemical reactions between snail mucus and copper.

How to Plant Lotus Seroja Flowers And Their Benefits For Health

Lotus flowers or seroja is a type of annual aquatic plant originated in India. In Indonesia this flower is called a lotus. Basically these two plants are actually not related. 

Seroja has an upright flower stalk and the flower does not float on the surface of the water like a lotus flower. It will bloom from July to August.

Lotus has clean white, yellow or pink flowers coming out of a strong stalk towering over the surface of the water. This lotus flower plant became a lambing state of India.

This type of flower has an unsightly appearance so much used to decorate the pond in the garden - garden. In Japan, Chinese as well as Indian rhizomes this plant is widely used as a processed cuisine because it has a good taste.

But if these rhizomes are eaten raw it can be a source of transmission of trematodes parasites.

In ancient Egypt, these lotuses were found growing with lotuses on the banks of the nile. The Egyptians during the pharaoh's time also greatly glorified seroja so that the flowers, fruits and petals were used as motifs on the architect of the temple.

To be able to grow lotus is very easy, because this plant can breed through old seeds or rhizomes. As well as can be planted in pots containing muddy soil that is watery. Here's how to grow seroja at home:

#1 Seed preparation

The first step that must be done beforehand in how to plant lotus water is to prepare lotus seed. To prepare it is very easy especially if the house is close to the swamp or lotus planting.

But if you do not find lotus flowers near the residence, you can buy them at the seed shop. Here's an explanation to get lotus seeds:

• Choose a healthy parent flower and have the desired color. Pay attention to the shape of the leaves and be aware of whether they are perfect or deformed. If possible, visit a pond that has many lotus flowers, so more freedom in determining.
• Wait until the flowers fall out, because that's when the lotus seeds appear. Lotus seeds can be picked immediately by breaking the stalk.
• Remove the seeds from the base of the flower. In one flower base there can be more than 10 seeds.
• Bakal lotus seeds have a layer of wrapping that must be in the hole before seeding. Can use a knife to cut the outer layer or rub it with sandpaper. Be careful not to hit the embryo on the inside.
• This process is often referred to as skarification, aimed at facilitating the circulation of water to seeds and spurring development. After hammering this stage, the seeds will be ready to be sowed.

#2 Seeding steps

After getting seedlings with good quality, then the next way to plant lotus water is to do seeding.  Of the many ornamental plants, lotus is one that will be very easy to sow seeds.

It is enough to prepare a medium-sized bucket, enough water, and a little soil. There is no other special equipment on how to plant lotus seroja flowers. Once everything is ready, follow the following procedure:

• The more seeds will be sowed, the greater the volume of water and soil needed. Adjust the size of the bucket (or container of any type, glasses can also be used) to the number of seeds.
• Unless you have a large pond, use only four or five seeds in one nursery. Lotus leaves can reach a diameter of 60 cm, while the surface of the pond is good not covered entirely by leaves.
• Fill the container with water until half full.
• Soak the seeds in water until the roots appear. When the root has appeared, the shape of the seed resembles sprouts.
• Take good care of the nursery. Change the water in the container twice a day in the morning and evening. Always use clean water to maintain nutrient levels in the seedling medium.
• Do not mix water with other materials such as liquid fertilizers or pesticides. As long as the water remains clean, the seeds will take root without problems.
• Seeds will continue to develop during seedlings. It takes about two weeks for the seeds to be ready to plant. At this stage, the seed already has two or three leaves and a complete length of about 3 -5 cm.

#3 Preparation of planting media

The next step in how to plant lotus water is to prepare the planting medium. Different if planting flowers in general that require soil planting media. Planting lotus requires a lot of media in the form of water, and here's the explanation:

• Making planting media on how to plant lotus seroja flowers itself can be done while seeding lotus seeds while waiting for the development of seeds into seedlings or about 1 to 2 weeks after providing seeds.
• Prepare soil and containers for planting media, for containers can use pots or ponds. Not the same if you will plant other ornamental flowers, if determining the pot as a planting medium container, please make sure the pot does not have holes underneath.
• Because lotus flowers grow by using a wider way and will be able to make meet the surface of the container, choose a container that has a wide surface.
• Put the soil without being combined with the fertilizer in the prepared container and leave for about 2 weeks.
• Plant lotus seedlings on the soil media contained in the water. Try to really plant it, to facilitate planting can drain the water a little and plant the roots of lotus seedlings on the ground.
• Give enough water until it reaches a height below the leaf limit so that it will appear that the lotus leaves are floating.
• Spray lotus with pesticides at least once every 2 weeks in order to avoid the disease of aphids that often attack lotus during the rainy season.
• Give liquid fertilizer in a planned about 2 months so that plants get enough nutrients and nutrients.
• Occasionally trim dry and wilted lotus leaves to keep the lotus looking beautiful.
• To avoid water planted with lotus does not become a mosquito nest, fill the pond with fish so that it can consume mosquito larvae.

Benefits of Lotus Flower

The aroma produced by lotus flowers is able to produce a calming effect. However, not only useful for calming, lotus flowers also have other functions.

The root part of the lotus flower can be cooked and is great for the body. Because, this plant contains fiber, B vitamins, vitamin C, and calcium.

Here are the benefits of lotus for health:

Overcoming diarrhea

One of the most commonly used properties of lotus flowers in traditional Chinese medicine is to stop diarrhea.

How to try this natural remedy is: soak the lotus seeds in warm water for a few hours, add sugar cubes, then drink.

But it's good not to rely solely on this traditional medicine alone. However, the cause of the mencret must be recognized, so that proper therapy can be done.

Remember, the things that cause a variety of seds. It can be due to viral infections, bacteria, food allergies, side effects of some medications, or malnutrition.

If it depends only on lotus when diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection that needs antibiotics, then the mencret will still repeat itself.

Helps control blood pressure

One of the nutrients that are widely obtained in lotus is potassium. This substance is needed to maintain fluid stability and help keep blood vessels wide open (vasodilation).

One of the benefits of lotus flowers is that it helps keep blood pressure stable within normal limits.

Neutralizes blood sugar as well as blood fat

There are many foods that can naturally eradicate blood sugar and blood fat levels. One of them is the lotus root part.

Lotus root contains fiber and complex carbohydrates that can help manage the two causative components of cardiovascular disease.

Helps overcome inflammation

Inflammation is generally accompanied by a sensation of heat and pain. The benefits of lotus seeds of red and white varieties can help the sensation of such inflammation.

The efficacy of lotus flowers comes from plumule compounds that are known to have anti-inflammatory and high antioxidant effects, so as to relieve symptoms of inflammation and make the body comfortable again.

Maintain endurance

Lotus plant stem is rich in vitamin C, can help maintain the body's immune system and antibiotics so that it does not get sick easily. To obtain the benefits of this lotus flower, it can boil its roots and stems for 10 minutes.

Preventing Aging

One thing to also know, the benefits of lotus seed contain the anti-aging enzyme l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase. The substance is able to help restore proteins in the damaged body.

No wonder that nowadays, many cosmetic companies are changing lotus seeds as one of the important compositions. Lotus seeds are known to contain kaempferol, a natural flavonoid that avoids inflammation in as many organs in the body, especially the oral area.

How to Quickly Grow Grapes To Bear Heavy Fruit

Grapes are one type of fruit whose plants are vines. The fruit can be eaten directly, made juice, jelly, grape seed oil, raisins and wine. 

Actually the cultivation of grapes has been done since 4000 BC in the Middle East. But to be used as a wine was only discovered in 2500 BC by the State of Egypt.

Not long after that the processing was widespread to various corners of the world, starting from the Black Sea, Spain, Germany, France, and Austria. The spread of this fruit occurred very rapidly, especially with the colombus journey that took him around the world.

This fruit contains many polyphenols and resveratol compounds that have benefits in maintaining the body's metabolism and preventing the formation of cancer cells and other diseases. In addition, in the fruit there are also secondary metabolite compounds useful as antioxidants that are able to ward off free radicals.

Here's how to grow grapes:

#1 Conditions for life

This plant is one of the plants that live in lowland areas. Unlike plants in general, grapes can actually live well in the event of a long dry season between 4-7 months with a high intensity of sunlight.

The rainfall needed in how to grow grapes to quickly bear fruit requires 800 mm per year. Excessive watering of this plant can interfere with the fruiting process. While the maximum temperature is 31 degrees Celsius and the minimum temperature is 23 degrees Celsius with humidity between 75 - 80%.

#2 Preparation of planting media

The first stage in how to grow grapes to quickly bear fruit is to prepare the planting medium, the conditions are as follows:

• Preparing fertile land and easy to absorb water. Because this plant does not like a lot of water, so when it gets a lot of water can inhibit its growth.
• The soil is soil containing sand and clay in the right amount so that plants do not get excessive transspiration.
• Acidity or PH on the ground in neutral condition that is 7.

#3 Seed selection

Grape seedlings can be made by grafting vines that have excellent quality, certainly not diseased. It is best to choose the stem of the grape upright, so that the seeds obtained are easy to plant, either in pots or directly in the soil.

Grape seedlings graft can be planted after a grafting period of about 6-7 months.

In addition, it can also be done how to grow grapes from seeds. However, planting with seeds is generally considered prone to fail.

Whereas actually based on how to treat grapes. If planted and maintained properly, automatically the plant can develop well.

For how to grow grapes with cuttings / graft techniques choose seedlings with the following characteristics:

• The length of cuttings used is prohibited more than 25 to 30 cm with many segments 2 to 3.
• The distek stem must be round with a diameter of 1 cm.
• On the bark that has a brown color and the bark has a green color, there are no black patches and has water content.
• Usually, grapes grown using cuttings will look larger and denser.

#4 Seeding process

The next step is seeding. Preferably, so that how to grow grapes in order to quickly bear fruit can grow perfectly, it is necessary to do the following:

• Raise the grape seedlings using a pot or polybag for 5 to 7 days.
• If doing how to grow grapes in a pot do transfer on a pot / polybag. But first poured with planting media such as a mixture of soil with manure and sand with each has a comparative composition of 1:1:1
• The next seedlings are given water regularly in the morning and dusk. The soil used is ensured to have good irrigation so that it is not inundated with water.
• When it 2 months old, new shoots will appear and the roots will appear a lot.

#5 Seed seeding

Whereas if how to grow grapes from seeds, can be done the following process:

Soak the seeds in a container of water. If a floating seed is found, then discard it. Because it means the seeds are unhealthy and not worth planting. Meanwhile, the later treatment for drowning seeds is to soak them for a day overnight.

Then do the stratification process. This process is also called winter simulation to make seeds germinate. Do so by putting planting seeds on wet wipes, then putting them in a sealed container.

It can also use transparent containers wrapped in plastic or with transparent airbags. The next step is to store it in the refrigerator for 2 to 3 months.

But make sure the temperature does not make it completely frozen. Use a balanced temperature between 1-3 ºc.

Plant seeds that have passed the stratification stage in a pot container in which there is loose soil mixed with manure.

Use soil pot containers, because soil pots have pores easily absorb water and nutrients without making plants settle. Generally grapes in the form of sprouts will appear about 2 to 8 weeks from the day of planting the seeds.

#6 Preparation of planting

Plants that have been 2 months old are in the seedling media has been sewajibnya placed into the planting media that has been prepared in advance.

In order to produce maximum fruit, as much as possible grape crops are planted when entering the dry season. The prepared grape seed is inserted in the planting burrow and then re-close the hole with a diameter limited to the base of the stem of the vine.

#7 Planting process

Once the grape seedlings are ready, it is necessary to prepare a buffer tool as a medium for the growth of the vine. This buffer can be made of wood or iron, based on the owner's wishes.

For the height of the buffer, can adjust to the needs, for those who want how to grow grapes in the pot. Can prepare pots that have been hollowed out at the bottom, choose a pot that has a medium size so that the roots of the grapes can grow well.

How to grow grapes to quickly bear fruit suitable soil to grow this grape, can combine the soil with compost with a ratio of 1:2. With this planting medium, it is guaranteed that the growth of grapes will be maximized.

After all the preparations are complete, can directly plant grape seedlings. How to plant grape graft seedlings can not be done originally, it is necessary to unwrapp the graft whether it is plastic or other media.

After that, make a hole in the ground in the center of the pot to place the results of this graft. These seedlings can not be directly placed in the yard of the house, it is necessary to put them in a cool place before in the first 3 weeks of planting period.

This is certainly to make grape seedlings can adjust to the new planting medium. At this time it is also mandatory to diligently water the seedlings of this wine. To give maximum results, it is good for grapes to be planted when entering the dry season.

#8 Caring

Like other crops, the difficult thing when fertilizing a plant is to cultivate it until it is ready to harvest, because it will result in the quality of the grapes to be downloaded.

At the beginning of planting, it is worth doing regular preparation of grapes to see if the plant can develop perfectly or not, if there are some symptoms, immediately change it with new seeds so that the planted vines can develop uniformly.

The later stage in the cultivation of grapes is to continue to take good care of the vines. Things to be aware of in the treatment include:

#9 Watering

Watering the vines is done once a day, between morning or dusk. Especially when planting occurs in the rainy season, do not have to do watering because grapes in general are not very very fond of mushy soil and have a lot of water content.

When watering, be careful so that the splash does not damage the planting media in the form of sand and manure that is easy to move if exposed to water, and do not change the position of the roots.

#10 Granting of vines

Vines are very important, so that grape seedlings grow straight, vines can be wood or bambo blades 1.5 cm thick with a length of 1 meter. It serves as a buffer of seedlings until the time of the first pruning.

At the beginning of planting, grape seedlings are tied loosely with ajir, in its development the vines themselves can develop climbing with the help of tendrils. And to get interesting branches, the vine must be given a support that is useful as a climb.

If you do how to grow grapes in a pot then this anjatan is planted in a pot, in the form of bamboo blades 2 cm thick with a length of 1.5 m in the form of wire coils.

One pot is given 4 bamboo blades that are plugged in the edge of the pot. This bamboo supports will make the vines in the pot can be observed from various directions. And the shape of the germination can also be arranged and can be in the form of circles such as balls, slinders, paying and so on.

#11 Fertilization

In addition, it is necessary to continue to provide fertilizer when the age of the plant itself has been 90 days old and will then be carried out the process of giving fertilizer once every 3 months. After the vine is 3 months old, the fertilized fertilizer is multiplied into two tablespoons, and the fertilizer is given once a month.

Efforts to make plants bear fruit quickly

The most important thing in how to grow grapes to quickly bear fruit, namely pruning on twigs that trigger flowers out of tertiary branches. When the tertiary branch is brown or already 3 months old, pruning is possible.

The pruning process is carried out only on tertiary branches with protruding bud eyes. This pruning is done on the 4th or 5th segment of the base of the branch.

At the first pruning, starting from the flowers that appear generally still small. And the number of gradual starts will greatly increase on trimming to 2, to 3, and so on.

Then the flowers that appear after pruning will gradually bloom and create small fruits that have a green color. Then this fruit will continue to develop and achieve maximum development after 105-110 days since pruning.

At the time of development of grapes in the pot needs to be watered daily and fertilizer is given every month. The fertilizer that is loved in the form of (NPK) a number of two tablespoons.

#12 Harvesting

The vine takes 3 to 4 years to bear fruit. In order for grapes to be picked at the optimal age, it is necessary to observe the signs of optimal ripe fruit, namely the skin of the fruit is covered with clear powder and the fruit easily falls out when exposed to touch.

Usually 100-110 days after pruning, the grapes have cooked optimally and have a sweet taste.  Because grapes are classified as non climacteric, harvesting as much as possible pays attention to the optimal cooking age.  If not so then the taste of the fruit will sour and can not be greatly increased sweet after the plant is downloaded.